Northern Giant Petrel chick by ABUN artist Andrea Siemt Schmincke for ACAP, in watercolours; after a photograph by Liezl Pretorius

Note:  The illustrated Species Summaries have been written to help inform the general public, including school learners, of the biology and conservation needs of the 31 ACAP-listed species.  They serve to complement the more detailed and referenced ACAP Species Assessments.  To date, summaries for the 22 species of albatrosses have been produced in in all three ACAP official languages, English, French and Spanish.

Texts have also been prepared for the nine ACAP-listed petrels and shearwaters in English, but as yet have not been translated into French and Spanish.  As an interim service, the illustrated English texts are being posted to ACAP Latest News, continuing here with the Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli.  The Photo Essay series of the 31 listed species takes a more personal approach; click here for the Northern Giant Petrel by Janine Schoombie.

After scavenging from a seal carcass, bloodied Northern Giant Petrels s are fastidious about bathing at sea
Protected from the prevailing weather by a rock face, a Northern Giant Petrel broods its downy chick on Marion Island
Photographs by Janine Schoombie

The Northern Giant Petrel is one of the two largest petrels in the family Procellariidae.  They are so large they do not need to breed in burrows to be protected from predators.  The species was only recognized as separate to the closely related and similar looking Southern Giant Petrel in the 1960s.

Unlike its sister species, which has a white phase, the Northern Giant Petrel exists in only one colour phase.  Juveniles are uniform dark brown, adults are paler, especially on the face.  The horn-coloured bill has a diagnostic reddish tip, separating it from the southern species which has a green tip.  Males are noticeably larger than females.

The species has a more restricted breeding range than the near-Southern Ocean distribution of the Southern Giant Petrel.  It breeds on sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, including on islands south of New Zealand (where the Southern does not).  Unlike the Southern species it does not breed within Antarctica.  The bird breeds singly or in loose colonies, laying its single egg in nests on the ground, often made against the sides of protruding rocks.  Breeding commences about six weeks earlier than Southern Giant Petrels, although hybridisation has been reported at several breeding localities where both species coexist.  The global population is estimated at 11 800 breeding pairs; largest concentrations are found in the South Atlantic and in New Zealand waters (with an estimated 2000 pairs on tiny Forty-Fours/Motuhara Island).  At most breeding sites where studies exist, populations are increasing in numbers, leading to it being categorized as Least Concern.

Banding and tracking studies show individuals can travel over great distances within the Southern Ocean.  As for its sister species, the diet of Northern Giant Petrels comes from scavenging on carcasses from increasing seal populations and preying on seabirds, including penguins, on land and feeding on marine life (squid, fish) caught at sea, as well as from scavenging behind fishing vessels.

Threats included being killed as bycatch by longline fisheries, notably by IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) fisheries for toothfish in the Southern Ocean in the 1990s; now largely eliminated by the adoption of mitigation measures (such as deploying bird-scaring lines) by the legal fisheries and concerted international action against the poaching vessels.  Birds have died from poisoning on several islands during introduced predator eradication programmes but have shown subsequent signs of recovery.  Human disturbance by researchers and tourists is largely controlled by management plans and guidelines on approach distances.  Most breeding sites are proclaimed nature reserves or equivalents, several with international status coming from the World Heritage and Ramsar Wetlands Conventions.  Nearly all breeding sites are surrounded by large Marine Protected Areas.  The Northern Giant Petrel is listed both within the Albatross and Petrel Agreement (ACAP) and the Convention on Migratory Species on Appendix II.

Sources:

ACAP 2012.  Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli.

BirdLife International 2021.  Species factsheet: Macronectes halli.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 14 March 2022

The late John Warham MNZM, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, DSc (1919-2010) holds his Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions Medal

The John and Pat Warham Studentships administered by the British Ornithologists’ Union support postgraduate studies of procellariiform and sphenisciform seabirds by citizens of Commonwealth countries.  Applications are now open for projects commencing in 2023.  Successful proposals will combine the development of skills useful for a future career in ornithology with a sound scientific research proposal.

“This is our fourth and last studentship to be funded by the legacy left to us by John and Pat Warham.  The previous three rounds have seen applications from the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and for this round we are particularly keen to see applications from the other Commonwealth jurisdictions (whose citizens form the majority within the Commonwealth). Whilst UK discrimination legislation prevents us from discriminating against any group on grounds of race, ethnicity or religion, we strongly wish our final studentship to better reflect the diversity of the Commonwealth, by making an award to an institute and student from a Commonwealth country other than the four we have received applications from to date.”

Deadline for applications 29 May 2022.  Read more on the studentship and how to apply here.

Read ACAP Latest News’ obituary for John Warham.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 14 March 2022

 
Painting of the first Amsterdam Albatross photographed by the author, by Susan Roux

NOTE: This post continues an occasional series that features photographs of the 31 ACAP-listed species, along with information from and about their photographers.  Here, Jean-Paul Roux writes about the Endangered Amsterdam Albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis he first identified and described as a new species in the 1980s.  His account is illustrated with photographs taken by Jérémy Dechartre because Jean-Paul no longer has easy access to his own photos stored on another continent.  Jérémy  was the ornithologist and marine mammologist from the Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (coordinated and supported by the Institut Polaire Français Paul-Emile Victor) with the 70th Mission to Amsterdam Island in 2019 with the project “Birds and Marine Mammals, Sentinels of Global Changes in the Southern Ocean”.

Jean-Paul Roux on Amsterdam Island in 1981 (with a friend)

Amsterdam Island is a small (less than 7 x 10 km) volcanic island situated in the centre of the southern Indian Ocean 4500 km from southern Africa, 3200 km from western Australia and 3200 km from Antarctica; making it one of the most isolated islands in the world.  Despite this remoteness it was discovered extremely early in the age of southern exploration, being sighted by the Spanish Elcano in March 1522 during the first circumnavigation of the world (the Magellan Expedition).  Subsequently the Dutch van Diemen named the island after his ship the Nieuw Amsterdam in 1633; the first recorded landing was made in 1696.  During the 18th and 19th centuries the island was frequently visited by sealers who nearly exterminated the local population of the Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus tropicalis.  These were followed by regular visits of fishing vessels (particularly from the island of Réunion).  At least seven vessels have been wrecked along the island shore.

Amsterdam Island from the air, Photograph by Thierry Micol

These early visits had a devastating effect on the fauna and flora of the island through direct depredation by humans, introductions of predators (cats, rats and mice) as well as several large fires which destroyed the original forest of Phylica arborea which covered most of the slopes of the island.  A failed attempt at settlement in 1871 left behind more introduced animals (including cattle) and plants which contributed to the severe environmental degradation of the island and the extinction of several species of seabirds (some probably endemic) and the only known terrestrial bird (an endemic flightless duck).

The 1951 photograph of an Amsterdam Albatross; by R. Delon from Paulian (1953)

One of the early biologists of that era was Patrice Paulian who, at the end of a research mission on Kerguelen in 1951, had a short stop-over at Amsterdam during which he tried to document the avifauna of the island.  He heard from the station personnel of very few “great albatrosses” nesting on the high Plateau des Tourbières but failed to see them.  The following year he received a black and white photograph of a breeding adult on an egg taken by non-scientific personnel of the station on 6 April 1951 which he published in 1953, with the comment [in translation] “Diomedea exulans ssp? … in the absence of any material… we can only affirm the presence at Amsterdam Island of a brown sub-species clearly different from the birds of Kerguelen”.

Unfortunately, Paulian had only access to this photograph and mistook the dark cutting edge of the bill for a shadow caused by what he thought was possibly a partially open bill.  He later returned to Amsterdam Island for a summer and produced a seminal work on the Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal, but again never managed to see an adult great albatross (because their breeding season is later than for the Kerguelen birds he knew).  As a great naturalist that he proved to be, I am convinced that, if he had had the opportunity to see a breeding adult, he would have recognized the uniqueness of these birds.

An Amsterdam Albatross broods its downy chick

During the following two decades, no trained ornithologist had spent more than a couple of days on Amsterdam Island.  After my first sub-Antarctic experience at the Crozets (late 1979 to early 1981), I was given the opportunity to visit Amsterdam Island for a “summer mission” (September 1981-March 1982), focusing on fur seal biology and Indian Yellow-nosed Albatrosses Thalassarche carteri.  During this time, I also documented the avifauna and the ecologically degraded state of the island.  As regularly as possible I visited the site of the Amsterdam Albatross breeding area on the floor of the remnant of an ancient caldera at an altitude between 500 and 600 m.  During those early visits, guided by some island station personnel, we located eight chicks that we banded, but I did not manage to observe an attending adult.  My first impression was that the chicks seemed at least two months behind in terms of development compared with the Wandering Albatrosses D. exulans I had observed on the Crozet Islands in the previous two seasons. These birds fledged in late December and January.  Finally, in early 1982 I had my first sighting of an adult feeding a pre-fledgling chick. The differences in plumage and the bill colouration were immediately strikingly different from the southern great albatrosses I knew.  I intensified the frequency of my visits to this seldom-visited area of the island until I documented photographically a pair displaying with a half-built nest leading, a week later in early March, to a first incubating bird.  The inferred laying date was more than a month later than all the documented laying dates for the Wandering Albatross

A pair of Amsterdam Albatrosses interact

With these preliminary observations, my return to mainland France was met with mixed reactions.  Whereas some colleagues were supportive, others were less so.  After more than a year gathering more information, measurements and observations from previous and current personnel at Amsterdam Island, I had accumulated enough evidence to propose a new species for this extremely rare albatross, with a first estimate being as low as 50 birds!  However, this idea was not accepted at the Museum national d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris on the grounds that it was not possible to describe a new species without at least a specimen (holotype).  After many visits to natural history museums around the world holding albatross specimens collected over the last two centuries from the central Indian Ocean with the help of friends and colleagues we still had no physical specimen.   Someone made the suggestion that to make a species proposal I should “sacrifice” at least one breeding adult, but preferably two (a male and a female) when initial estimates pointed to a population of only 13 breeding pairs between 1978 and 1983.

A feathering Amsterdam Albatross chick stretches its wings

In March 1982 an adult was found dead on the plateau where the birds were breeding.  Due to the poor state of the remains only the head and one wing could be preserved and shipped back to mainland France, arriving late in the year.  These remains were deemed acceptable as a holotype for the proposal of a new species, resulting in publishing this “description” in a French-language publication (L’Oiseau et R.F.O, now defunct). This had the consequence of limiting the readership and impact of the discovery.  However, despite this the news spread throughout the seabird world.  Peter Harrison included the new species in the first revision of his seminal Seabirds and Identification Guide as early as 1985.

My first proposal was to name the new species as Diomedea pauliani in honour of Patrice Paulian and his early insight and for publishing the first photograph of Amsterdam’s great albatross, but in the end it became Diomedea amsterdamensis.

Displaying Amsterdam Albatrosses

Subsequently, a long-term monitoring programme was set up for the Endangered Amsterdam Albatross, which then led to the production of a species action plan and efforts to rehabilitate the island’s ecology.  The feral cattle which had contributed to vegetation degradation and soil erosion and were occupying more than 70% of the island area, were eventually limited to a smaller area by fences and then eliminated by 2010 (click here).

With grateful thanks to Karine Delord, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, for information, including Paulian's historical photograph.

Selected Publications:

Jouventin, P., Martinez, J. & Roux, J.-P. 1989. Breeding biology and current status of the Amsterdam Island Albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis.  Ibis 131: 171-182.

Jouventin, P. & Roux, J-P. 1983.   Discovery of a new albatross.  Nature 305: 181.

Jouventin, P. & Roux, J-P. 1984.  L’Albatros d’Amsterdam va-t-il disparaître à peine découvert?  La Recherche, 15: 250-252.

Paulian, P. 1953.  Pinnipèdes, cétacés, oiseaux des Iles Kerguelen et Amsterdam: mission Kerguelen 1951. Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar Série A Tome VIII.

Roux, J.-P., Jouventin, P., Mougin, J.-L., Stahl, J.C. & Weimerskirch, H. 1983.  Un nouvel albatros Diomedea amsterdamensis n. sp. découvert sur l’île Amsterdam (37°50’S, 77°35’E).  L’Oiseau et R.F.O. 53: 1-11.

Roux, J.-P. `& Martinez, J. 1987.  Rare, vagrant and introduced birds at Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, southern Indian Ocean.  Cormorant 14: 3-19.

Jean-Paul Roux, Lüderitz, Namibia, 10 March 2022

White-chinned Petrel in PanPastels by ABUN artist Rosana Venturini for ACAP; photograph by Andy Wood

Carlos Linares (Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Idaho, USA) and colleagues have published in the journal Emu - Austral Ornithology on using acoustic recorders to assess population densities of Vulnerable White-chinned Petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis in a breeding colony.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Monitoring of population sizes and trends using conventional surveys is challenging for nocturnal, burrow-nesting seabirds. The White-chinned Petrel is the most commonly killed species in Southern Ocean fisheries and its breeding success at many sites is reduced because of predation by invasive cats and rodents. As adaptive management of such threats requires cost-effective and reproducible protocols for monitoring populations, we examined the potential of automated bioacoustic techniques for measuring colony attendance patterns (relative number of birds visiting at a given time) using data from acoustic recorders deployed over a breeding season at Bird Island, South Georgia. Generic recognition software was of limited utility, but a suite of acoustic indices in a random forest model reliably predicted the occurrence of vocalisations. Vocal activity showed clear temporal patterns, despite high day-to-day variability, and was lowest during the pre-laying period, in the early evening, and on moonlit nights. To facilitate estimation of population density using acoustic recorders, we determined the mean vocalisation rate of individuals (2.3 min⁻¹), mean call length (~15.3 sec), and detection distance (~15 m based on signal to noise ratios of playbacks). Our results indicate that acoustic indices are a useful measure of colony attendance. If these indices can be linked to density, acoustic monitoring would provide a powerful and cost-effective census method for White-chinned Petrels and other nocturnal species.:

With thanks to Richard Phillips.

Reference:

Linares, C.G., Phillips, R.A. & Buxton, R.T. 2022.  Monitoring vocal activity and temporal patterns in attendance of White-chinned Petrels using bioacoustics.  Emu - Austral Ornithology DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2021.2018337.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 09 March 2022