An Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross flies past Gough Island.  Soft pastels on Pastelmat by Deepti Jain of Artists & Biologists Unite for Nature (ABUN) for World Albatross Day 19 June 2026 and its theme of “Habitat Restoration”, after photographs by Chris Jones and Laurie Smaglick Johnson

In an important review, Ioannis Kalaitzakis (Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy) and many colleagues have published in the open access journal Conservation Science and Practice identifying invasive predators (cats and rodents) as the largest threats faced on land by Atlantic pelagic seabirds.  Gough Island in the South Atlantic, which supports five ACAP-listed albatrosses and petrels, is given a high priority for action due to its seabird-killing House Mice Mus musculus.  The mice are still present after an unsuccessful eradication effort in 2021.

However, the paper contains some misleading and incorrect errors in relation to the Tristan-Gough group of islands (that it refers to as “Tristan & Gough”).  Most significantly, the publication lists feral cats as a threat requiring removal from the main island of Tristan da Cunha, yet in fact they have not occurred there for half a century  The feral population is believed to have died out around the time the whole domestic cat population of 54 animals was shot by the island’s medical doctor, who reported them as a human health risk from toxoplasmosis in February 1974 (Richardson 1984).

I also take issue with the statement “Furthermore, although mice are currently the most impactful alien predator across [my emphasis] this archipelago …”.  Mice do not occur on Nightingale or Inaccessible Islands (and never have), there is no evidence they are a problem for birds on Tristan (likely suppressed by the island’s introduced Black Rats Rattus rattus) so it is only on Gough that they are an “impactful predator”.

The publication is correct in stating that the Vulnerable Spectacled Petrel Procellaria conspicillata is endemic to the island group, but including it in the same sentence with the equally endemic Critically Endangered Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena , Endangered Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos and Endangered Atlantic Petrel Pterodroma incerta of Gough Island, where they are all at risk to mice (as are the other seabird species on the island), is a little misleading.  The Spectacled Petrel breeds only on Inaccessible Island, which has never supported introduced populations of cats or rodents.

The Tristan-Gough group is made up of four islands and several islets on which seabirds breed.  These islands fall under differing conservation management regimes, and their seabird (and landbird) species compilations vary.  For example, the main island is the only one with a permanent human population, Inaccessible and Gough are nature reserves with a combined management plan, they together form a World Heritage Site, whereas Nightingale, and its two islets on which seabirds breed, has no formal conservation status.  As I have shown, the alien mammal populations vary, with two islands being free of them.  However, the group’s islands and islets do fall under a single management authority, the Tristan da Cunha Conservation Department in terms of the 2006 Tristan da Cunha Conservation Ordinance.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Seabirds are exposed to numerous threats throughout their life-cycles, including land-based threats during their breeding season such as invasive species, diseases, or light pollution.  Here we assess the timing, scope, and severity of land-based threats to populations of highly mobile petrels, albatrosses, storm-petrels, and alcids in the Atlantic Ocean, to guide priorities for their conservation across their mostly island-breeding areas.  By combining our own field expertise of these species with a literature review, we built a dataset characterizing 18 threats for 49 species across 38 Large Marine Ecosystems.  We analyze this dataset by highlighting the most impactful threats and the most impacted regions.  Addressing invasive alien species on Tristan da Cunha & Gough and on the islands of the Canary Current are the interventions with the greatest potential to stimulate seabird population recovery across the Atlantic Ocean.  Our results highlight priorities for targeted management actions that can support seabird conservation.”

References:

Kalaitzakis, I., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Dias, M.P., Davies, T.E., Baran, M.A., Bhola, N., Boulinier, T., Bried, J., Campioni, L., Ceia, F.R., De Pascalis, F., Dehnhard, N., Fagundes, A.I., Gilg, O., González-Solís, J., Grémillet, D., Hernández-Montero, M., Krüger, L., Kuepfer, A. … Rouyer, M.-M. 2026.  Assessment of land-based threats to Atlantic pelagic seabirds.  Conservation Science and Practice 8(3). doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70249.

Richardson, M.E. 1984.  Aspects of the ornithology of the Tristan da Cunha Group and Gough Island.  Marine Ornithology 12: 123-201.

John Cooper, Emeritus Information Officer, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses, 04 May 2026

“A staggering 168 dead birds”, collected together to count and photograph by Archipelago Research and Conservation

“The 'ua'u kani (Wedge-tailed Shearwater Ardenna pacifica) breeding season has barely started and already we have a mass slaughter event.  After receiving a report from a member of the public about dead shearwaters near Shipwreck Beach we visited the colony and found a staggering 168 dead birds.  These were all adult birds returning to their burrows to start breeding, and all were killed by cats (as clearly evidenced by the nature of their injuries and the disposition of the bodies).  This is a sadly all too familiar scene here on Kaua'i (and across the Hawaiian Islands).  Cats need to be indoors, where they are safe and not annihilating our native wildlife.  We have reported this massacre to the authorities.”

News from the Facebook page of Archipelago Rim Conservation.  View a 2m 20s video of the episode that shows rhe characteristic signs of a cat kill.

Trail camera photograph of a cat carrying a Wedge-tailed Shearwater on Kauai, from Hob Osterlund

As well as cats, feral pigs and free-roaming dogs have killed Wedge-tailed Shearwaters on Kauai.  Pigs have also been recorded attacking and eating Laysan Albatrosses Phoebetria immutabilis eggs on the island (read previous reports in ACAP Latest News). Also here on multiple incidents of dogs attacking and killing Laysan Albatross chicks and adults on Kauai.. 

John Cooper, Emeritus Information Officer, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, 01 May 2026, updated 02 May 2026

A Black-footed Albatross pair on Wake Atoll, photograph by Mark Rauzon

The USA’s Wake Atoll in the tropical Pacific has recently been proclaimed as free of introduced rodents, following a successful eradication exercise directed at the Pacific Rat Rattus exulans.  There are already signs of seabirds returning, including the ACAP-listed Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes and Laysan P. immutabilis Albatrosses (both Near Threatened):

“16 species of nesting native birds are reappearing and increasing in number without invasive rodents devouring their eggs and young. A newly discovered Bonin Petrel (or Nunulu in Hawaiian) colony marks the first documented nesting of this species on Wake Atoll, while the atoll’s globally significant population of Sooty Terns enjoyed a record-breaking breeding season.  Other native seabirds—including Laysan albatross, wedge-tailed and Christmas shearwater, black-footed albatross, red-footed booby, and red-tailed tropicbird—are also showing early signs of increased nesting activity and improved reproductive success”.

Laysan Albatrosses on Wake Atoll, photograph by Mark Rauzon

Wake Atoll lies towards the edge of the current breeding range of the Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses.  The first definite breeding record for the Laysan was in 1996, following sightings in the 1980s.  A chick fledged in 2001 and there were three failed attempts in 2008.  Another chick, the last recorded, successfully fledged in 2009.  A Laysan Albatross laid an egg in November 2013 below an introduced Ironwood Casuarina equifolia tree that was incubated for two weeks before failing.  A second egg found in 2013 was also abandoned.

Black-footed Albatrosses visit Wake in small numbers.  Successful breeding has not been reported although eggs have been recorded occasionally since 1996 and up to at least 2003, when three pairs attempted breeding (click here),

Wake Atoll (739 ha) is made up of three low coral islands: Wake Wilkes and Peale, lying around a central lagoon.  Wake and Wilkes are connected by a causeway.  The atoll is situated within Micronesia in the Northern Pacific Ocean a little north of the Marshall Islands and is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the USA.  It falls within the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument declared in 2009.

“Feral domestic cats Felis catus originally brought to the atoll as pets killed many birds (estimated as 30 000 a year) in the past on Wake but have now been successfully eradicated from all three islands.  A shooting and trapping campaign in the first decade of the century removed 170 animals.  An eradication attempt in 2012 was successful in removing the Asian House Rat Rattus tanezumi but not the Pacific Rat R. exulans” (click here).

Wake Atoll Rat Eradication Project - Using research to eradicate the novel rodent species, Neotoma leucodon

The successful effort to eradicate Pacific Rats presumably also removed the recently discovered White-throated Woodrat Neotoma albigula/leucodon, although this seems not to have been specifically reported.

With thanks to Sue Tonin, Mouse-Free Marion Project.

Selected References:

Griffiths, R., Wegmann, A., Hanson, C., Keitt, B, Howald, G., Brown, D., Tershy, B., Pitt, W., Moran, M., Rex K., White, S., Flint, B. & Torr, N. 2014.  The Wake Island rodent eradication: part success, part failure, but wholly instructive.  Proceedings of Vertebrate Pest Conference 26: 101–111.

Hanson, C., Rex, K., Kappes, P.J. & Siers, S.R. 2020.  Feasibility of a successful rat eradication on Wake Atoll following initial partial failure: potential causes, remedial actions, and remaining knowledge gaps. In: Woods, D.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 29th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Paper No. 40, University of California, Davis, 9 pp.

Kappes, P.J., Siers, S.R., Rex K. & Hanson, C. 2020.  If at first you don’t eradicate: remediating rat eradication failure on Wake Atoll. In: Woods, D.M. (Ed.).  Proceedings of the 29th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Paper No. 58, University of California, Davis, 6 pp.

Piaggio, A.J., Lanners, E., Taylor, D.R., Shiels, A.B., Matocqm, M. & Eisemann, J. 2024.  Discovery of a novel invasive rodent species on Wake Atoll with a desert southwest USA origin.  BioInvasions Records 13: 675-683.

Rauzon, M.J, Everett, W.T., Boyle, D., Bell, L. & Gilardi, J. 2008.  Eradication of feral cats at Wake Atoll.  Atoll Research Bulletin No. 560.  21 pp.

Samaniego, A., Kappes, P., Broome, K., Cranwell, S., Griffiths, R., Harper, G., McClelland, P., Palmer, R., Rocamora, G., Springer, K., Will, D. & Siers, S. 2020.  Lessons learned from failed island rodent eradications redone successfully: Implications for the second rat eradication attempt on Wake Atoll. Unpublished Final [Report].  85 pp.

John Cooper, Emeritus Information Officer, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, 30 April 2026

 Newell’s Shearwater, photograph by Eric VanderWerf

Andre Raine and colleagues (Archipelago Research and Conservation, Hawaii, USA) have published in the open-access journal Avian Conservation and Ecology on observations of interspecific competition between Endangered Hawaiian Petrels and Critically Endangered Newell’s and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters.

The paper’s abstract follows:

““Colony creation projects are a vital tool for the recovery of threatened and endangered seabird populations and have significant conservation value by creating colonies inside highly protected and more easily managed areas.  However, project sites need to be carefully chosen using a wide range of criteria to maximize success.  One of these criteria is the potential for interactions with species already breeding within the site, in particular the possibility of interspecific competition.  We considered three species of Procellariids in Hawaiʻi—two endangered Hawaiian endemics, the ʻuaʻu (Hawaiian Petrel, Pterodroma sandwichensis) and the ʻaʻo (Newell’s Shearwater, Puffinus newelli) and one native, the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Ardenna pacifica)—to assess the prevalence of interspecific competition.  Colony monitoring was conducted at six management sites on the island of Kauaʻi, one on the coast and five in the mountains.  Cameras were deployed at breeding burrows and any interactions between species recorded.  Interspecific competition was recorded at all sites.  At the coastal site, Wedge-tailed Shearwaters consistently attacked breeding pairs of ʻaʻo and ultimately evicted 55.6% of established breeding pairs and 87.5% of prospectors.  At montane management sites, aggressive interactions were recorded between ʻuaʻu and ʻaʻo at all sites and increased over time in tandem with population increases.  Colony creation is an essential component of seabird conservation worldwide but, as this study shows, the presence of other breeding seabird species needs to be considered in the planning process if these projects are to succeed.  This is particularly true if Wedge-tailed Shearwaters are already present (or could recolonize the site) and/or if the site already has a high density of a breeding species that is of a similar size and utilizes the same breeding habitat and breeding strategy.”

An aggressive interaction between a Hawaiian Petrel and a Newell's Shearwater at the latter’s burrow

Reference:

Raine, A.F., Driskill, S., McFarlin, M., Brittingham, R., Rothe, J.A. & H. Raine, H. 2026.  Interspecific competition among procellariids: implications for seabird management and colony creation projects.  Avian Conservation and Ecology 21. doi.org/10.5751/ACE-02962-210101.

John Cooper, Emeritus Information Officer, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, 29 April 2026