Black Petrel, gouache by ABUN artist Griselle Chock for ACAP; photograph by Virginia Nicol

Note:  The illustrated Species Summaries have been written to help inform the general public, including school learners, of the biology and conservation needs of the 31 ACAP-listed species.  They serve to complement the more detailed and referenced ACAP Species Assessments.  To date, summaries for the 22 species of albatrosses have been produced in in all three ACAP official languages, English, French and Spanish.

Texts have also been prepared for the nine ACAP-listed petrels and shearwaters in English, but as yet have not been translated into French and Spanish.  As an interim service, the illustrated English texts are being posted to ACAP Latest News, continuing here with the Black Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni.

A fledgling Black Petrel, Mount Hobson/Hirakimata, Great Barrier Island, May 2019; photograph by ‘Biz Bell’, Wildlife Management International

The Black Petrel is one of five medium-to-large petrels within the genus Procellaria, along with the Grey, Spectacled, Westland and White-chinned; it is the smallest of the five.  Among all the petrels and shearwaters in the family Procellariidae, they are the largest that dig and breed in burrows.  The species is overall dark brown to black, with black legs and feet.  The bill is yellowish to white with a black tip.  It is similar in appearance to the larger Westland Petrel.

The Black Petrel is a New Zealand endemic that currently breeds on only two islands, Little Barrier (Hauturu; 28 km², 722 m) and around the summit of 627-m Mount Hobson (Hirakimata) on Great Barrier (Aotea; 285 km²) in the outer Hauraki Gulf of North Island.  In the past it bred in the mountains of both the North and South Islands – where it did not survive introduced mammalian predators.  At sea its range extends to the east coast of Australia (when breeding) and to the Pacific coast of South America as nonbreeders, as shown by tracking studies.  Estimates suggest there are less than 3000 breeding pairs with an overall population of around 11 000 birds, including juveniles.  Around 600 pairs breed on permanently uninhabited Little Barrier with 2000-2500 pairs on and around Great Barrier’s Mount Hobson where the petrel has been monitored from the 1995/96 breeding season.  The population is assumed to be stable on both islands, following recovery from cats on Little Barrier.  Black Petrels breed colonially, laying their single eggs in burrows dug within forested areas in the austral summer.  Diet includes fish caught by day and more rarely bioluminescent squid caught at night, both by mostly shallow dives to less than five metres.

The species is at risk to fishing, being caught on longlines when scavenging behind vessels in both New Zealand and South American waters.  This, a calculated low adult survival rate, low juvenile recruitment and its restriction to only two breeding sites have given it both a global and a national threat category of Endangered.  It is listed both within the Albatross and Petrel Agreement (ACAP) and the Convention on Migratory Species on Appendix II.

Little Barrier Island is a Nature Reserve (New Zealand’s first, established in 1896) with the public requiring a permit to visit during the day only in limited numbers.  It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.  Great Barrier Island has a small resident community of under one thousand, high numbers of visitors, and large forested areas classified as a Scenic Reserve.  Little Barrier has no introduced predators following the removal of feral cats and Pacific Rats, whereas Great Barrier has Ship and Pacific Rats, feral cats and feral pigs; feral goats were eradicated in 2006.  Trapping to control rats and cats takes place within the Mount Hobson study site where visitors are restricted to walking tracks and boardwalks to avoid disturbing burrows by trampling.  Translocation of chicks from Great to Little Barrier took place in the past to bolster the population on the smaller island.

Sources:

ACAP 2012.  Black Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni.

Bell, E.A. 2013.  Black petrel.  In: Miskelly, C.M. (Ed.)  New Zealand Birds Online.

Bell, E.A. 2021. Featuring ACAP-listed species and their photographers: the Black Petrel by Elizabeth Bell.  ACAP Latest News, 01 October 2021.

BirdLife International 2021.  Species factsheet: Procellaria parkinsoni.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 05 April 2022

Black-footed Albatrosses, watercolour and gouache by Flávia Barreto; after a photograph by Eric Vanderwerf

The Albatross and Petrel Agreement has chosen the theme “Climate Change” to mark the third World Albatross Day, to be celebrated on 19 June 2022 (WAD2022).  The featured species for 2022 are the North Pacific Black-footed Phoebastria nigripes and the Laysan P. immutabilis Albatrosses, considered to be at risk to sea level rise and increases in the number and severity of storms that result in flooding caused by climate change.

For the first three months of the year ACAP has been collaborating with Artists and Biologists Unite for Nature (ABUN) on its 39th Project to produce artworks that will help increase awareness of the conservation plight facing the world’s albatrosses and support WAD2022 (click here).  With the collaboration now completed, ACAP Latest News takes pleasure in featuring the second of its contributing ABUN artists, following on from Grisselle Chock last month.

Laysan Albatrosses, watercolour by Flávia Barreto; after a photograph by Hob Osterlund

Flávia Barreto lives in Nova Friburgo, a town in the State of Rio de Janeiro, in south-eastern Brazil.  She describes herself as an amateur artist and a retired civil servant with a law degree.  Although she has had no formal education in the visual arts, she grew up in a family of artists who taught her drawing and painting techniques.  After retirement she decided there was still time to learn more and dedicate her life to art.  Being a lover of nature and animals, her art and interests gradually evolved towards drawing and painting threatened species.

Laysan Albatross, watercolour by Flávia Barreto; after a photograph by Kirk Zufelt

She writes to ALN: “My current favourite media are watercolour, gouache and acrylic.  I enjoy not only painting animals, but also learning about their biology, habits, behaviour and habitats.  In my work, I try to capture their essence and beauty.  I am particularly fond of birds, big cats, and marine life, but all living forms interest me.

Black-footed Albatross, watercolour by Flávia Barreto; after a photograph by Koa Matsuoka

Flávia continues: “I am deeply concerned about climate change, the danger of extinction of so many species, and the increasing destruction of the natural environment in my country and around the world.  Joining ABUN and being able to participate in the projects is a joy and a privilege.  We have the opportunity to learn more about endangered species, be inspired by the amazing works of the photographers and other artists, and at the same time, contribute with our art to support conservation projects.  There is a lot to do, and the time is now, before it is too late.”

Laysan Albatross “Sunday Boy” by Flávia Barreto; after a photograph by Laurie Smaglick Johnson

Flávia ends by saying “It would be an honour to have one of my paintings used by ACAP for World Albatross Day.  I want to thank you all for this amazing opportunity.”  And ACAP thanks Flávia for the use of her beautiful art to support the conservation of the world’s 22 species of albatrosses.

With grateful thanks to Kitty Harvill and Marion Schön of Artists and Biologists Unite for Nature and to photographers Laurie Smaglick Johnson, Koa Matsuoka, Hob Osterlund, Eric Vanderwerf and Kirk Zufelt.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 04 April 2022

A Wedge-tailed Shearwater in its burrow, Kaena Point, Oahu; photograph from Pacific Rim Conservation

Jennifer Urmston (Migratory Bird Permit Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, USA) and colleagues have published in the online open-access journal PLOS ONE on fledging Wedge-tailed Shearwaters Ardenna pacifica being grounded when disoriented by street lighting.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Attraction to artificial light at night (ALAN) poses a threat to many fledgling seabirds leaving their nests for the first time. In Hawaiʻi, fledgling wedge-tailed shearwaters disoriented by lights may become grounded due to exhaustion or collision, exposing them to additional threats from road traffic and predation. While the timing and magnitude of shearwater fallout varies from year to year, little is known about how changing lighting and environmental conditions influence the risk of grounding for this species. We analyzed 8 years (2012–2019) of observations of road-killed shearwaters along the Kalanianaʻole Highway on Oʻahu to quantify the timing and magnitude of fallout during the fledging season (November–December). Our goal was to compare fallout before (2012–15) and after (2016–19) a transition in highway lighting from unshielded high-pressure sodium (HPS) to full-cutoff light-emitting diode (LED) streetlights. To detect the shearwater response to the lighting regime, we also accounted for three potential environmental drivers of interannual variability in fallout: moon illumination, wind speed, and wind direction. The effects of these environmental drivers varied across years, with moon illumination, wind speed and wind direction significantly affecting fallout in at least one year. Altogether, the interaction between moon illumination and wind speed was the most important predictor, suggesting that fallout increases during nights with low moon and strong winds. The lack of an increase in fallout after the change from HPS to shielded 3000K - 4000K LED streetlights suggests the new streetlights did not worsen the light pollution impacts on wedge-tailed shearwaters on Southeast Oʻahu. However, due to potential species-specific disparities in the behavior and light attraction of petrels, similar studies are needed before energy saving LED lights are implemented throughout the Hawaiian archipelago.”

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Access earlier posts to ACAP Latest News on Jenn’s research on Wedge-tailed Shearwaters from here.

Reference:

Urmston, J., Hyrenbach, K.D. & Swindle, K.  2022.  Quantifying wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica) fallout after changes in highway lighting on southeast Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi.  PLOS ONE doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265832.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 01 April 2022

“Subantarctic Soaring”, Antipodean Albatross by Hannah Shand

Southland-based artist Hannah Shand of Hannah Shand Art has produced a fine-tip black pen drawing of a globally Endangered and Nationally Critical Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis to bring attention to the plight of one of New Zealand's most at-risk seabirds. Watch a video clip of the artwork being produced here.

“The Antipodes albatross is one of NZ’s most at-risk seabirds, sadly now at the most severely threatened conservation status, and facing risk of extinction without our help. This artwork was created to advocate for the awareness of this endemic species and to raise funds to help protect them. It was inspired by Hannah’s voyage with Heritage Expeditions to the Subantarctic Islands – NZ’s most remote and unique islands, which collectively are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a NZ National Nature Sanctuary.”

Hannah Shand holds her drawing of an Antipodean Albatross

Limited edition prints of the artwork are available in A4, A3, A2 and A1 sizes.  A proportion of sales has been donated to the NGO Forest & Bird, New Zealand’s BirdLife partner (read more here).  According to the artist’s Facebook page NZ$ 1510 had been raised up to 25 March, with the offer ending on 4 April.

The artwork under production and the guiding photograph by Hannah's brother, Jordan

The Albatross and Petrel Agreement regularly reports in ACAP Latest News on conservation issues affecting the Antipodean Albatross.  ACAP has also published a species assessment, a species summary, a photo essay and (with the New Zealand Department of Conservation) an infographic, as well as several artworks marking World Albatross Day, for the bird.  Most of these products are available in the three ACAP languages of English, French and Spanish.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 31 March 2022