Livingston Island belongs to the South Shetland Island group in Maritime Antarctica. It lies between Snow Island and Greenwich Island, approximately 110 km from the Antarctic Continent, separated by the Bransfield Strait.  The Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus is the only ACAP-listed species breeding on Livingston Island, at two known localities, Byers Peninsula and Hannah Point (ACAP Breeding Site No. 86).  Byers Peninsula is an ice-free rocky promontory supporting vascular plants, mosses and lichens.

A white-phase Southern Giant Petrel in Antarctica, photograph by Michael Dunn

A population estimate for Southern Giant Petrels which breed mainly along the coastline is of c. 2793 individuals with 238 nests found over 17 km between Ocoa Point and Cerro Negro in 2008/09. An early estimate was of 216 pairs in 1965, suggesting little change over four decades, although the count areas differed somewhat.

Byers Peninsula has been designated as an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA No. 126; originally designated as a Specially Protected Area in 1966). In terms of the ASPA’s 2002 management plan entry is only by permit issued by an appropriate national authority. The peninsula is also a BirdLife International Important Bird Area (ANT054), designated for its Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata and Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus populations.

With thanks to Patricia Pereira Serafini.

Selected Literature:

ATCM 2016.  Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126 Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland.  ATCM XXXIX Final Report.  pp. 51-74.

Harris, C.M., Lorenz, K., Fishpool, L.D.C., Lascelles, B., Cooper, J., Coria, N.R., Croxall, J.P., Emmerson, L.M., Fijn, R., Fraser, W.L., Jouventin, P., LaRue, M.A., Le Maho, Y., Lynch, H.J., Naveen, R., Patterson-Fraser, D.L., Peter, H.-U., Poncet, S., Phillips, R.A., Southwell, C.J., van Franeker, J.A., Weimerskirch, H., Wienecke, B. & Woehler, E.J. 2015. Important Bird Areas in Antarctica 2015.  Cambridge: BirdLife International and Environmental Research & Assessment Ltd.  302 pp.

Gil-Delgado, J.A., González-Solís, J. & Barbosa, A. 2013.  Populations of breeding birds in Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands.  Antarctic Science 25: 303-306.

Lynch, J.J., Naveen, R. & Fagan, W.F. 2008.  Censuses of penguin, Blue-eyed Shag Phalacrocorax atriceps and Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus populations on the Antarctic Peninsula, 2001-2007.  Marine Ornithology 36: 83-97.

Naveen, R. 1997.  The Oceanites Site Guide to the Antarctic Peninsula.  Chevy Chase: Oceanites Inc.  129 pp.

Naveen, R. 2003. Compendium of Antarctic Peninsula Visitor Sites 2nd Edition.  A Report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Chevy Chase: Oceanites Inc.  381 pp.

Naveen, R., Forrest, S.C., Dagit, R.G., Blight, L.K., Trivelpiece, W.Z. & Trivelpiece, S.G. 2000.  Censuses of penguin, Blue-eyed Shag, and Southern Giant Petrel populations in the Antarctic Peninsula region , 1994-2000,  Polar Record 36: 323-334.

Patterson, D.L., Woehler, E.J., Croxall, J.P., Cooper, J., Poncet, S., Peter, H.-U., Hunter, S. & Fraser, W.R. 2008.  Breeding distribution and population status of the Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli and the Southern Giant Petrel M. giganteus.  Marine Ornithology 36: 115-124 & appendices.

Poncet, S. & Poncet, J. 2007.  Southern Ocean Cruising Second Edition.  Cambridge: Environmental Research & Assessment.  160 pp.

Maria Virginia Petry & Júlia Victória Grohmann Finger, Laboratório de Ornitologia e Animais Marinhos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Brazil, 30 May 2017

EDITORIAL NOTE:  photographs of Byers Peninsula and its Southern Giant Petrels are required to illustrate this account.

Two Australian trawl fisheries have from this month adopted the use of bafflers to reduce seabird strikes on the warps and associated mortality.

The Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) and the South East Trawl Fishing Industry Association (SETFIA) with the Great Australian Bight Fishing Industry Association (GABIA) have adopted the use of bafflers following regulations issued by the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA).

Australian baffler keeps albatrosses at bay, photograph courtesy of the South East Trawl Fishing Industry Association

“All commercial trawl fishing vessels in the SESSF must use either sprayers, bird bafflers, or pinkies (large buoys that are placed in front of where trawl warps enter the water).  If pinkies are used, fishers must not dispose of any offal while fishing.  Bird Bafflers have proven to be the go-to device by the southern trawl fleet, with the majority of operators investing in and installing the device. Bafflers are designed to prevent seabirds from entering the ‘danger zone’ where trawl warps enter the water. They are made from long curtains of rope and pieces of plastic piping, which act as a fence and stop seabirds from coming near these warps.”

Seabird sprayers create a curtain of water around the area where the warps enter the water. In trials conducted in New Zealand bafflers reduced warp strikes by 96% and sprayers by 92%.  Use of pinkie buoys requires no offal discharge, but only reduce strikes by 75%.  So far, in the southern fishery 27 vessels have adopted the use of bafflers and only one each the more expensive sprinkler system and the use of pinkies.

Read more details here and here.

Read more on bafflers in ACAP Latest News here.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 29 May 2017

Simon Northridge (Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, U.K.) and colleagues have reviewed causes of bycatch, including of seabirds, in gill net fisheries in the journal Conservation Biology.

The paper’s abstract follows:

“Gillnet fisheries are widely thought to pose a conservation threat to many populations of marine mammals, seabirds, and turtles. Gillnet fisheries also support a significant proportion of small-scale fishing communities worldwide. Despite a large number of studies on protected-species bycatch in recent decades, relatively few have examined the underlying causes of bycatch and fewer still have considered the issue from a multitaxon perspective. We used 3 bibliographic databases and one search engine to identify studies by year of publication and taxon. The majority of studies on the mechanisms of gillnet bycatch are not accessible through the mainstream published literature. Many are reported in technical papers, government reports, and university theses. We reviewed over 600 published and unpublished studies of bycatch in which causal or correlative factors were considered and identified therein 28 environmental, operational, technical, and behavioral factors that may be associated with high or low bycatch rates of the taxa. Of the factors considered, 11 were associated with potential bycatch reduction in 2 out of the 3 taxa, and 3 factors (water depth, mesh size, and net height) were associated with trends in bycatch rate for all 3 taxa. These findings provide a basis to guide further experimental work to test hypotheses about which factors most influence bycatch rates and to explore ways of managing fishing activities and improving gear design to minimize the incidental capture of species of conservation concern while ensuring the viability of the fisheries concerned.”

Read more on bycatch issues with gill nets in ACAP Latest News here.

References:

Northridge, S., Coram, A., Kingston, A. & Crawford, R. 2017.  Disentangling the causes of protected-species bycatch in gillnet fisheries.  Conservation Biology 31: 686-695.

Žydelis R., Small, C. & French, G. 2013.  The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review.  Biological Conservation 162: 76-88.

John Cooper, ACAP Information Officer, 26 May 2017

Earlier this year ACAP attended the 12th Meeting of the Ecology Related Species Working Group (ERSWG 12) of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT).  The meeting was held in Wellington, New Zealand over 21-24 March; ACAP was represented by Igor Debski, Vice-convenor of the ACAP Seabird Bycatch Working Group.

During the meeting seabirds and in particular seabird bycatch comprised an important part of the agenda, largely aimed to progress the assessment of the risks to ecological related species posed by fishing for Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii (SBT).  Seabird matters addressed during the meeting included:

1. the status and trends of seabird species likely caught by SBT fisheries,
2. the process for the elaboration of an ecological risk assessment,
3. discussions on methods for calculating bycatch rates and total numbers of seabirds bycaught in SBT fisheries,
4. an update of the ACAP best-practice advice to mitigate seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries, and
5. a review of tools and guidelines available for on-board observers, including the guide to improve seabird species identification developed by ACAP in collaboration with the Japan Fisheries Research Agency (now the National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency).

Further collaboration between ACAP and CCSBT will include engagement with fishing nations to improve data collection, reporting and analysis, as well as providing advice during the process of developing a multi-year seabird strategy.  ACAP tabled several papers at the meeting as listed below:

• CCSBT-ERS/1703/15. (ACAP & BirdLife International) An update on the status and trends of ACAP-listed albatrosses and petrels in the CCSBT area.
• CCSBT-ERS/1703/16. (ACAP) The development of ACAP seabird bycatch indicators, data needs, methodological approaches and reporting requirements.
• CCSBT-ERS/1703/17. (ACAP) Current ACAP advice for reducing the impact of pelagic longline fishing operations on seabirds.
• CCSBT-ERS/1703/18. (ACAP and BirdLife International) Summary of tools and guidelines available to assist observers in the identification of seabird species and handling of bycaught individuals.

Igor Debski, Vice-convenor, ACAP Seabird Bycatch Working Group, 25 May 2017